![]() They commissioned a joint feasibility study to assess large-scale transport of hydrogen from Norway to Germany, and CO2-transport from Germany to Norway. A key element of the agreement is to look into the development of a CO2 pipeline between the two countries. In a first preview of what the government has in store for Germany’s CCS future, economy minister Robert Habeck travelled to Norway in early 2022 and agreed with the country’s government to expand cooperation in key energy transition areas – including negative emissions and carbon capture and storage. The state of North Rhine-Westphalia has already decided on such a strategy. The strategy would decide areas of application and measures, including what is likely going to be the most controversial issue: whether to store carbon in Germany. Through a broad stakeholder process, the carbon management strategy would lay out how CCU/S could be part of a portfolio of measures designed to achieve greenhouse gas neutrality in Germany by 2045. The government said: “CCS should be used primarily as a complementary measure to reduce emissions from industrial processes and waste incineration that are technically difficult to avoid.” ![]() While emissions reduction and avoidance, as well as efficiency measures would continue to be of highest priority, the government said it aims to present a carbon management strategy in the course of 2023, which will define guidelines for dealing with CCS and CCU. One year after the government took office, the economy ministry published the country’s second CCS law evaluation report, which according to researcher Felix Schenuit of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs ( SWP) showed a “proactive approach towards CCU/S, in significant contrast to CCS policy until now.” In 2022, the total number of commercial, large-scale CCS projects in operation worldwide was 30 (with more than 150 in the pipeline), of which 20 were EOR projects, said the report. ![]() Historically, most CO2 has been used for EOR, and in fact the CCS industry was born out of EOR in the U.S., said the Global CCS institute in its 2022 status report. In this process, parts of the CO₂ used stays underground. Most importantly until now, the carbon can also be stored through enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which uses injected CO₂ to extract oil that is otherwise not recoverable. Swiss company Climeworks is among the pioneers and its Orca project started operations in Iceland in 2021.ĬO₂ can be stored in onshore and offshore geological formations, such as oil and gas fields, unminable coal beds and deep saline formations in the ocean, or used to create products such as plastic or chemicals ( CCU – carbon capture and utilisation). Direct air capture (DAC) is also a possibility, but the method is still in its infancy, laborious and expensive. Several large-scale facilities have been implemented around the world, such as Emirates Steel’s CCS project and the Petra Nova coal power plant near Houston, Texas. ![]() Most projects target large point sources of CO₂ because using CCS on small and decentral sources is considered too expensive and impractical. ![]() cement production), including post and pre-combustion methods. There are several different ways of capturing carbon from fossil power plants or industrial facilities (e.g. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines carbon capture and storage/sequestration ( CCS) as “a process consisting of the separation of CO₂ from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and long-term isolation from the atmosphere.” ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |